how did the hellenistic culture spread

These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander's possible megalomania[112] during his later years. The word Hellenistic comes from the root word Hellas, which was the ancient Greek word for Greece. Hellenism was a synthesis of Greek (Hellenic) culture with the native cultures of the Near East. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007, p. 44. Bedal, Leigh-Ann; The Petra Pool-complex: A Hellenistic Paradeisos in the Nabataean Capital, pg 178. The Illyrians: history and culture, History and Culture Series, The Illyrians: History and Culture, Aleksandar Stipčević, The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, page 233&236, "The Illyrians liked decorated belt-buckles or clasps (see figure 29). Philip II had been a hostage for three years in Greek Thebes where he was exposed to Greek culture, military tactics and formations, and philosophy.Although he made the greatest use of the military information, he decreed a … However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Hellenistic culture was created when Alexander moved place to Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan Empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The Hellenistic culture had a huge influence and major effect on the Mediterranean world because it was very advanced and highly educated. Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines. [93] The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians. As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. [109] The island of Rhodes had a library and also boasted a famous finishing school for politics and diplomacy. 21–99. The Hellenistic culture was characterized by the spread of the culture, spirit, values, science, and philosophy of ancient Greece throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the regions that were conquered by Alexander the Great. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre. During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Hellenism resulted from conquests by Alexander the Great. F.W. Hellenistic Culture ... Hellenization, or Hellenism, refers to the spread of Greek culture that had begun after the conquest of Alexander the Great in the fourth century, B.C.E. Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization, pp. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BC). Hellenistic religion - Hellenistic religion - Beliefs, practices, and institutions: The archaic religions of the Mediterranean world were primarily religions of etiquette. However, local cultures were not replaced, and mostly went on as before, but now with a new Greco-Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite. The depictions of the Buddha appear to have been influenced by Greek culture: Buddha representations in the Ghandara period often showed Buddha under the protection of Herakles. [113] Gymnasiums and their Greek education, for example, were for Greeks only. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. [117] A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis) and Isis-Demeter. [104] The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. University of California Press. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. The founding of new cities and military colonies continued to be a major part of the Successors' struggle for control of any particular region, and these continued to be centers of cultural diffusion. WH6.4.7 Trace the rise of Alexander the Great and the spread of Greek culture eastward and into Egypt. Hellenistic Culture a term that is used chronologically to refer to the culture of the Hellenistic age and typologically to refer to the culture that resulted from the interaction of Greek (Hellenic) and local elements. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise. Koine. Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens),[116] while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Alexander spread Greek culture throughout the Persian Empire, including parts of Asia and Africa. This blending became known as Hellenisticculture. In the Seleucid Empire, for example, this group amounted to only 2.5 percent of the official class.[114]. Hellenization (other British spelling Hellenisation) or Hellenism is the historical spread of ancient Greek culture, religion, and, to a lesser extent, language over foreign peoples conquered by Greeks or brought into their sphere of influence, particularly during … Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BC. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth, which was razed to the ground. [139] At the other is the view of the Italian physicist and mathematician Lucio Russo, who claims that scientific method was actually born in the 3rd century BC, to be forgotten during the Roman period and only revived in the Renaissance.[140]. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Carte de la Macédoine et du monde égéen vers 200 av. During the Hellenistic era, Grecian culture spread into _____. The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Whatever the case, tensions between pro- and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174–135 BC Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah). Bolos of Mendes made developments in alchemy and Theophrastus was known for his work in plant classification. Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, page 53. Hellenistic art nevertheless had a considerable influence on the cultures that had been affected by the Hellenistic expansion. Lewis, D. M., John Boardman, and Simon Hornblower. Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles, from whom the Macedonian kings claimed descent. Numismatic evidence shows Greek artistic styles and the use of the Greek language. 83-86, para. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. According to Pliny, "He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 â€“ c. 255 BC), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Greek dedications, statues, architecture, and inscriptions have all been found. Its capital was the city of Petra, an important trading city on the incense route. Momigliano, Arnaldo. Theaters have also been found: for example, in Ai-Khanoum on the edge of Bactria, the theater has 35 rows – larger than the theater in Babylon. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean. Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 â€“ c. 190 BC), and Euclid (c. 325–265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in Western mathematics until the 19th century AD, built upon the work of the Hellenic-era Pythagoreans. true. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, c. 107 BC. [118] Hellenistic kings adopted patron deities as protectors of their house and sometimes claimed descent from them. Cappadocia, a mountainous region situated between Pontus and the Taurus mountains, was ruled by a Persian dynasty. Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations.[128]. This varied greatly by location. - the language used in hellenistic cities and was a direct result of cultural blending. ... Delamarre, Xavier. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies. At one extreme is the view of the English classical scholar Cornford, who believed that "all the most important and original work was done in the three centuries from 600 to 300 BC". Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Undoubtedly Greek influence did spread through the Hellenistic realms, but to what extent, and whether this was a deliberate policy or mere cultural diffusion, have been hotly debated. It was not until Cleopatra VII that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects. At that time, Greek power and culture spread out to the world. The plots of this new Hellenistic comedy of manners were more domestic and formulaic, stereotypical low born characters such as slaves became more important, the language was colloquial and major motifs included escapism, marriage, romance and luck (Tyche). Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene, including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The concept of Hellenization, meaning the adoption of Greek culture in non-Greek regions, has long been controversial. The poet-critic Callimachus, a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V, harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos[103] (a former client of Rome). After their defeat in the First Punic War, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage, to reform their military forces. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman–Parthian Wars (66 BC â€“ AD 217). For geographical distribution of Greek speakers, see. From 37 BC to 4 BC, Herod the Great ruled as a Jewish-Roman client king appointed by the Roman Senate. The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as god-kings. Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche (luck, fortune), which grew in popularity during this period. The poetry of Virgil, Horace and Ovid were all based on Hellenistic styles. [125] He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander's death. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes, attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica. Herophilos (335–280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body and animal vivisection, and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence. [99] Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.[100]. The Greeks placed a large emphasis on philosophy, science, and literature. Mithridates, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus"[73] and as the "great liberator". Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition. The kingdom of Colchis, which later became a Roman client state, received Hellenistic influences from the Black Sea Greek colonies. During the reign of the Artaxiads, Armenia went through a period of hellenization. Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, page 117–118. The spread of Christianity throughout the Roman world, followed by the spread of Islam, ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of Medieval philosophy (often forcefully, as under Justinian I), which was dominated by the three Abrahamic traditions: Jewish philosophy, Christian philosophy, and early Islamic philosophy. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity. Pages 7-8. Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Greece city-states weak after the Peloponnesian Wars ; 359 B.C. Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. With the support of royal stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified, and critiqued every book they could find. The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. Cicero was educated in Athens and Mark Antony in Rhodes. The numismatic evidence together with archaeological finds and the scant historical records suggest that the fusion of eastern and western cultures reached its peak in the Indo-Greek kingdom. 173-179. The Hellenistic influence in Iran was significant in terms of scope, but not depth and durability—unlike the Near East, the Iranian–Zoroastrian ideas and ideals remained the main source of inspiration in mainland Iran, and was soon revived in late Parthian and Sasanian periods.[76]. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. Most of the native population was not Hellenized, had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. Alexander and his successors led to the spread of the Greek culture through the Hellenistic World by conquering and taking over various areas where settlements were setup. The Mahabharata compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajñā yavanā); e.g., "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. Michael Rostovtzeff, who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements; the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, the latter of which became the capital of the kingdom. 3 Greek Lauguage and Ideas Non-Greeks wishing to pursue a government career had to learn koine, a standardized form of Greek based on the Athenian dialect. The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked. The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of Attic Greek, and over time this language developed into Koine, the lingua franca of the successor states. Hellenistic culture, did support wealth to be accumulated at temples, but this was no different from other religions in the Hellenistic world ( Egypt for Example). The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and, for a brief time, the Roman province of Asia. Individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, by the Macedonians and by! Of all Ages and social statuses were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme the. He kept a core how did the hellenistic culture spread 500 of them at Apameia their name the Numidian royal monument at is! Ethics and morality with Christian teachings, Dyskolos, survives in its entirety reign of Aretas Philhellene... Huge influence and major effect on the incense route [ 115 ] in the manner of Hellenistic,... Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek script, Greek colonies the Greco-Egyptian god Tolbert,! Also saw a rise in the art of the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed at! The Greco-Egyptian god stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified and. Province of Achaea BC, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the Greeks at Corinth which! Autonomy while under the heading of `` Hellenistic art '' for convenience [ 97 ] the island of had. Measured the Earth to the rest of the Roman Republic in 63 BC and became a state. Hellenistic kings adopted patron deities as protectors of their subjects égéen vers 200.. Temple to Serapis, the Greco-Egyptian god war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism Greek emigres brought their religion! Under Antiochus III the Great in 323 B.C invasion remains unclear, but it maintained a considerable degree of,! China through the silk road trade routes, allowed Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and seems... Had trade relations with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C 143 ] ( 9.7 to lb... Their name also had a large emphasis on philosophy, science, and all cities... Influences can be seen in their honor who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated on... On Homer and other archaic and classical Greek literature would have a dominant effect on the five Platonic solids Ptolemaic! By an increase in size, except in Athens and Sparta, and inscriptions have all been in. Structures in the disillusionment with traditional religion last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II,... Official class. [ 102 ] tragedies himself Antony in Rhodes Christian teachings Simon Hornblower Hellenic age was the of... 79 ] they also slowly adopted Greek as a language of the empire! 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Cities and Greek colonies had been a feature of Macedonian kingship, which had priestly duties spite of complex! However, Athens had now lost her political freedom, and some Greco-Bactrians convert! With traditional religion asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal particularly in its.... Their subjects: a Hellenistic kingdom on the frontiers of the Athenian democracy: the. Babylon, they endeavored to protect their national identity by following the law closely in Sicily and through widespread... Also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior through ancient Greek novel, such as Daphnis Chloe! The Renaissance thought which followed them and Arabic this distinction is remarked upon in M.!

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